1. 什么是商业秘密,应当符合什么法定条件？
商业秘密，是指不为公众所知悉、具有商业价值并经权利人采取相应保密措施的技术信息、经营信息等商业信息。商业秘密应当满足秘密性、价值性、保密性的法定条件。
秘密性，即非公知性，指该信息无法从公开渠道获得。如果该信息为其所属技术或者经济领域的人的一般常识或者行业惯例、已经在公开出版物或者其他媒体上公开披露、从其他公开渠道可以获得的，则不符合秘密性的要求。
价值性，是指商业秘密通过现在的或者将来的使用，能够给权利人带来现实的或者潜在的经济价值，其最本质的特征是所有人因掌握该商业秘密而具备竞争优势。
保密性，是指权利人主观上将这部分信息作为商业秘密进行保护，客观上采取与商业秘密价值相适应的保护措施，以防止泄密。
2. 一般合理的保密措施包括哪些？
（1）一般可对商业秘密采取如下保密措施：
· 在合同中设置保密条款或者签订单独的保密协议；
· 通过章程、规章制度、培训等方式提出保密要求；
· 限定接触、获取商业秘密的人员范围；
· 对接触商业秘密的人员进行权限控制，只告知其工作所必须知悉的信息内容；
· 对于涉密信息载体采取加锁等防范措施；
· 在涉密信息的载体上标有保密标志，比如标注密级等；
· 对于涉密信息采用密码或者代码等加密措施；
· 对于涉密的机器、厂房、车间等场所限制、来访者或者提出保密要求；
· 对商业秘密传输的方式进行限制，比如只能通过公司邮箱、公司认可的网盘、即时通讯工具等
· 要求离职员工登记、返还、删除、销毁其接触或者获取的商业秘密及其载体，继续承担保密义务。
（2）合理的保密措施应当与商业秘密的商业价值等具体情况相适应。具体的保密措施应当根据所涉信息载体的特性、保密措施的可识别程度、他人通过正当方式获得的难易程度等因素去进行考虑和设计。
3. 哪些技术信息适合商业秘密的方式保护？
一般来说，为企业赢得竞争优势的核心技术信息，尤其是那些不为产品直接反映的结构、工艺、不能利用“反向工程”获取的技术、工艺性、配方性的技术信息，以及无法申请专利保护的经营信息采取商业秘密保护的方法将更加适宜。这些信息能够通过合理的保密措施防止泄密，不会因销售的产品或提供的服务而被他人通过技术等手段所容易破解、获悉的，具有一定持续性而不会在短时间被更迭替代的技术信息适合用商业秘密的方式进行保护。商业秘密的保护不受时间和地域的限制。
4. 侵犯商业秘密可能承担法律责任有哪些？（民事责任、行政责任、刑事责任）
侵犯商业秘密的法律责任分民事责任、行政责任和刑事责任，其中：
l 民事责任包括：
（1）停止侵权（停止侵害的时间一般应当持续到该商业秘密已为公众所知悉时为止）；
（2）赔偿责任：一般根据按照权利人因被侵权所受到的实际损失确定；实际损失难以计算的，按照侵权人因侵权所获得的利益确定。经营者恶意实施侵犯商业秘密行为，情节严重的，可以在按照上述方法确定数额的一倍以上五倍以下确定赔偿数额。赔偿数额还应当包括经营者为制止侵权行为所支付的合理开支。权利人因被侵权所受到的实际损失、侵权人因侵权所获得的利益难以确定的，由人民法院根据侵权行为的情节判决给予权利人五百万元以下的赔偿。
（3）返还或者销毁商业秘密载体，清除其控制的商业秘密信息；
（4）消除影响（在侵犯原告商誉的情况下）。
l 行政责任包括：
（1）责令停止违法行为，如责令被申请人停止销售使用权利人商业秘密生产的产品等；
（2）责令并监督侵权人将载有商业秘密的图纸、软件及其他有关资料返还权利人；
（3）监督侵权人销毁使用权利人商业秘密生产的、流入市场将会造成商业秘密公开的产品。但权利人同意收购、销售等其他处理方式的除外。
（4）没收违法所得；
（5）罚款：经营者以及其他自然人、法人和非法人组织侵犯商业秘密的，处十万元以上一百万元以下的罚款；情节严重的，处五十万元以上五百万元以下的罚款。
l 刑事责任包括：
【侵犯商业秘密罪】有下列侵犯商业秘密行为之一，给商业秘密的权利人造成重大损失的，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并处或者单处罚金；造成特别严重后果的，处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑，并处罚金：
A. 以盗窃、利诱、胁迫或者其他不正当手段获取权利人的商业秘密的；
B. 披露、使用或者允许他人使用以前项手段获取的权利人的商业秘密的；
C. 违反约定或者违反权利人有关保守商业秘密的要求，披露、使用或者允许他人使用其所掌握的商业秘密的。
明知或者应知前款所列行为，获取、使用或者披露他人的商业秘密的，以侵犯商业秘密论。
5. 在展览上展览含有商业秘密的产品或进行相关宣传会有什么风险？
在展览上展览含有商业秘密的产品或进行相关宣传会容易泄密，应当防止不当披露了商业秘密，若在此种情况下他人获悉该信息并随之披露、使用的，不属于侵犯商业秘密的行为。故应当做好保密措施，在对产品展览和进行相关宣传时，不要披露属于商业秘密的信息。
1. What is a trade secret? What legal requirements shall it meet?
Trade secret means technology, business or other commercial informationunknown to the public and of a commercial value for which the right holder hastaken corresponding confidentiality measures. A trade secret shall meet thefollowing legal requirements for secrecy, value and confidentiality:
It’s secret, or unknown to the public,which means relevant information is not available from public channels. Anyinformation doesn’t meet the requirement for secrecy, if it is the common senseof people or industry practices in the technical or economic field within whichit falls, has been disclosed publicly in public publications or other media,and is available from other public channels.
It’s valuable, which means a trade secretcan bring current or potential economic value to its owner by means of itscurrent or future use, and its most essential characteristic is that all whocontrol the trade secret have a competitive edge.
It’s confidential, which means the owner of atrade secret subjectively protects relevant information as trade secret, andobjectively takes protective measures in proportion to the value of the tradesecret to prevent it from being divulged.
2. What are the generally reasonable confidentiality measures?
(1) Generally,the following confidentiality measures can be taken on trade secrets:
· Including confidentialityclause in contracts or separately entering into non-disclosure agreements;
· Makingrequirements for confidentiality by articles of association, rules andregulations, training and otherwise;
· Defining therange of persons accessing and getting trade secrets;
· Controllingthe rights of persons accessing trade secrets, and only telling them theinformation that they need to know for their work;
· Locking ortaking other preventive measures for secret-related information carriers;
· Adding thesigns of confidentiality such as security classification to secret-relatedinformation carriers;
· Adoptingpassword or code for or otherwise encrypting secret-related information;
· Restrictingvisitors to or making requirements for confidentiality for secret-relatedmachine, factory building, workshop and other places;
· Limiting the ways of transmitting trade secrets, for example, tradesecrets can be transmitted only via company email address, and such networkdisks, instant messengers and the like as recognized by companies; and
· Requiringresigned employees to register, return, delete and destroy such trade secretsand carriers thereof as accessed or obtained by them, and to continue abidingby their confidentiality obligations.
(2) Reasonable confidentialitymeasures should accord with the commercial value and other specific conditionsof trade secrets. Specific confidentiality measures should be considered anddesigned in terms of the features of involved information carriers, how recognizableconfidentiality measures are, how easy it is for others to get secret-relatedinformation in a legitimate way, etc.
3. What technology information is trade secret protectionsuitable for?
In general, trade secret protection is more suitable for coretechnology information winning competitive edged for enterprises, especiallysuch structures and processes as are not directly reflected by products,technologies that can’t be obtained by using “reverse engineering”, process orformula technology information, and business information for which patentprotection can’t be applied for. For these information, reasonableconfidentiality measures can be taken to prevent divulging secrets. Tradesecret protection is suitable for technology information that is not easy to becracked and known by others by technological or other means with the sale ofproducts or provision of services, and is so sustainable that it will not bechanged or replaced in a short time. Trade secret protection is not restrictedby time or region.
4. For trade secret infringement, what legal liability (civil, administrative and criminalliabilities) may be taken?
For trade secret infringement,legal liability is composed of civil, administrative and criminal liabilities:
l Civil liability includes:
(1) Ceasing infringement (infringement of a trade secretgenerally shall be ceased until the trade secret has been known to the public);
(2) Liability for damages. Generally, the amount of damages is determined basedon the actual loss incurred by the right holder due to infringement; if suchactual loss is hard to calculate, the amount of damagesmay be determined based on the infringer’s gains from infringement. Forsuch acts of infringement of trade secrets as committed by businesses in bad faith,in serious cases, the amount of damages may be determined as more than one timebut no more than five times the amount determined with the foregoing methods.The damages shall also include the reasonable expense paid by businesses forpreventing infringement acts. If the actual loss incurred by the right holderdue to infringement or the infringer’s gains from infringement is difficult toascertain, the people’s court shall decide that damages of no more than RMB5,000,000 be paid to the right holder as the circumstance of infringement actmay be;
(3) Returning or destroying trade secret carriers,and removing the trade secret information controlled by the respondent; and
(4) Eliminating ill effects (in the case ofinfringement of the goodwill of the complainant).
l Administrative liabilityincludes:
(1) Ordering the cessation of illegal acts, such as ordering the respondent to stop selling theproducts made with the right holder’s trade secrets;
(2) Ordering and supervising the return by theinfringer of such drawings, software and other relevant materials as containtrade secrets to the right holder;
(3) Supervising the infringer destroying suchproducts made with any trade secrets of the right holder as will make suchtrade secrets public if go into market, other than those that the right holderagrees to purchase, sell or otherwise dispose of;
(4) Confiscating illegal gains; and
(5) Imposing a fine. For the infringement of tradesecrets organized by businesses and other natural persons, legal persons andunincorporated organizations, a fine of more than RMB 100,000 but no more thanRMB 1,000,000 shall be imposed; in serious cases, a fine of more than RMB500,000 but no more than RMB 5,000,000 shall be imposed.
l Criminal liability includes:
[crime of infringement of trade secrets] In case ofone of the following acts of infringement of trade secrets that causes a greatloss of the right holder of trade secrets, a fixed-termimprisonment of no more than three years or criminal detention shall be given,with a fine as an additional or exclusive punishment; if especially seriousconsequences are caused, a fixed-term imprisonment of more than three years butno more than seven years shall be given, with a fine:
A. Acquiringa trade secret from the right holder by theft, bribery, coercion, or any otherillicit means;
B. Disclosing,using, or allowing another person to use a trade secret acquired from the rightholder by any means specified in the preceding subparagraph; and
C. Disclosing,using, or allowing another person to use a trade secret under its control inviolation of an agreement or the requirements of the right holder forconfidentiality of trade secrets.
Whoeverknows or should have known the acts specified in the preceding paragraph butstill acquires, uses, or discloses any trade secrets of others shall be deemedto have infringed such trade secrets.
5. What is the risk of displaying products containing trade secrets at anexhibition or conducting relevant publicity?
Since leakage of secrets areeasy to be caused by displayingproducts containing trade secrets at an exhibition or conducting relevantpublicity activities, trade secrets should be prevented from being disclosedimproperly, in which case others’ acquisition, disclosure or use of relevantinformation is not an act of infringement of trade secrets. As a result,confidentiality measures should be taken, and don’t disclose any informationthat is a trade secret in the display of products and relevant publicity.
