1. 什么是不正当竞争行为？
根据《反不正当竞争法》，不正当竞争行为，是指经营者在生产经营活动中，违反反不正当竞争法的规定，扰乱市场竞争秩序，损害其他经营者或者消费者的合法权益的行为。
2. 主要的不正当竞争行为包含哪些？
根据《反不正当竞争法》，主要的不正当竞争行为包含：
（1） 实施混淆行为，引人误认为是他人商品或与他人存在特定联系，如：
擅自使用与他人有一定影响的商品名称、包装、装潢等相同或近似的标识；
擅自使用他人有一定影响的企业名称（包括简称、字号等）、社会组织名称（包括简称等）、姓名（包括笔名、艺名、译名等）；
擅自使用他人有一定影响的域名主体部分、网站名称、网页等；
（2） 用财物或者其他手段贿赂有关单位或者个人，以谋取交易机会或者竞争优势；
（3）对其商品的性能、功能、质量、销售状况、用户评价、曾获荣誉等作虚假或者引人误解的商业宣传，欺骗、误导消费者；
（4）实施侵犯商业秘密的行为；
（5）进行不合法的有奖销售，如：
所设奖的种类、兑奖条件、奖金金额或者奖品等有奖销售信息不明确，影响兑奖；
采用谎称有奖或者故意让内定人员中奖的欺骗方式进行有奖销售；
抽奖式的有奖销售，最高奖的金额超过五万元。
（6）编造、传播虚假信息或者误导性信息，损害竞争对手的商业信誉、商品声誉；
（7）利用网络技术手段，通过影响用户选择或者其他方式，实施妨碍、破坏其他经营者合法提供的网络产品或者服务正常运行，如：
未经其他经营者同意，在其合法提供的网络产品或者服务中，插入链接、强制进行目标跳转；
误导、欺骗、强迫用户修改、关闭、卸载其他经营者合法提供的网络产品或者服务；
恶意对其他经营者合法提供的网络产品或者服务实施不兼容等。
3. 不正当竞争行为应当承担哪些法律责任？
根据《反不正当竞争法》，实施不正当竞争行为的，应当承担民事责任、行政责任和刑事责任，其中：
l 民事责任包括：
（1）停止侵害；
（2）赔偿损失：因不正当竞争受到损失的经营者的赔偿数额，按照其因被侵权所受到的实际损失确定；实际损失难以计算的，按照侵权人因侵权所获得的利益确定。经营者恶意实施侵犯商业秘密行为，情节严重的，可以在按照上述方法确定数额的一倍以上五倍以下确定赔偿数额。赔偿数额还应当包括经营者为制止侵权行为所支付的合理开支。
l 行政责任包括：
（1）责令停止违法行为；
（2）没收违法商品；
（3）没收违法所得；
（4）罚款；
（5）吊销营业执照。
l 刑事责任包括：
（1）【对非国家工作人员行贿罪】为谋取不正当利益，给予公司、企业或者其他单位的工作人员以财物，数额较大的，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并处罚金；数额巨大的，处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑，并处罚金。
（2）【侵犯商业秘密罪】有下列侵犯商业秘密行为之一，给商业秘密的权利人造成重大损失的，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并处或者单处罚金；造成特别严重后果的，处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑，并处罚金：
A.以盗窃、利诱、胁迫或者其他不正当手段获取权利人的商业秘密的；
B.披露、使用或者允许他人使用以前项手段获取的权利人的商业秘密的；
C.违反约定或者违反权利人有关保守商业秘密的要求，披露、使用或者允许他人使用其所掌握的商业秘密的。
明知或者应知前款所列行为，获取、使用或者披露他人的商业秘密的，以侵犯商业秘密论。
1. What is an act of unfair competition?
Under the Anti-Unfair Competition Law, act of unfair competition means that in its production or distributionactivities, a business disrupts the order of market competition and causesdamage to the lawful rights and interests of the other businesses or consumers,in violation of the Law.
2. What are the main acts of unfair competition?
Under theAnti-Unfair Competition Law, main acts of unfair competition include:
(1) Committingthe following acts of confusion to mislead a person into believing that acommodity is one of another person or has a particular connection with anotherperson:
Usingwithout permission a label identical or similar to the name, packaging or decoration,among others, of another person’s commodity with certain influence;
Usingwithout permission another person’s name with certain influence, such as thename (including abbreviations and trade names) of an enterprise, the name(including abbreviations) of a social organization, or the name (includingpseudonyms, stage names and name translations) of an individual; and
Usingwithout permission the principal part of a domain name, the name of a website,or a web page with certain influence, among others, of another person;
(2) Seeking transaction opportunitiesor competitive edges by bribing relevant entities or individuals with propertyor by any other means;
(3) Conducting any false or misleadingcommercial publicity in respect of the performance, functions, quality, sales,users’ comments, or honors received of its commodities, among others, in orderto defraud or mislead consumers;
(4) Committing the acts of infringingtrade secrets;
(5) Conducting illegal premiumcampaigns that fall under the following circumstances:
Theinformation on the types of premiums, conditions for claiming premiums, amountof a prize, or premiums, among others, in the premium campaign is ambiguous,affecting a claim for a premium;
Conductinga premium campaign by offering non-existent premiums or intentionallypredetermining premium winners; and
In thecase of a lottery-based premium campaign, the amount of the top prize exceeds RMB50,000;
(6) Fabricating or disseminatingfalse or misleading information to damage the goodwill or product reputation ofa competitor;
(7) Committing the following acts ofinterfering with or sabotaging the normal operation of online products orservices legally provided by another business by means of network technology to affectusers’ options or otherwise:
Insertinga link or forcing a URL redirection in an online product or service legallyprovided by another business without its consent;
Misleading,defrauding, or forcing users into altering, shutting down, or uninstalling anonline product or service legally provided by another business; and
Causingin bad faith incompatibility with an online product or service legally providedby another business.
3. What legal liability shall be assumed for an act of unfair competition?
Pursuant to theAnti-Unfair Competition Law, whoever commits an act of unfair competition shall assume civil, administrative andcriminal liabilities therefor:
l Civil liability includes:
(1) Ceasing infringement;
(2) Paying damages. The amountof damages paid to a business that has incurred any loss due to unfaircompetition is determined based on the actual loss incurred by the business dueto infringement; if such actual loss is hard to calculate, the amount ofdamages may be determined based on the infringer’s gains from infringement. Forsuch acts of infringement of trade secrets as committed by businesses in badfaith, in serious cases, the amount of damages may be determined as more thanone time but no more than five times the amount determined with the foregoingmethods. The damages shall also include the reasonable expense paid bybusinesses for preventing infringement acts.
l Administrative liabilityincludes:
(1) Ordering the cessation ofillegal acts;
(2) Confiscating illegalgoods;
(3) Confiscating illegalgains;
(4) Imposing a fine; and
(5) Revoking business license.
l Criminal liability includes:
(1) [crime of offering bribesto non-government workers] Whoever gives the works of companies, enterprises orother entities a large amount of property for seeking unjust benefits shall besentenced to no more than three years in prison or criminal detention, with afine; whoever gives the works of companies, enterprises or other entities anenormous amount of property for seeking unjust benefits shall be sentenced tomore than three years but no more than ten years in prison, with a fine; and
(2) [crime of infringement of trade secrets] In case ofone of the following acts of infringement of trade secrets that causes a greatloss of the right holder of trade secrets, a fixed-term imprisonment of no morethan three years or criminal detention shall be given, with a fine as anadditional or exclusive punishment; if especially serious consequences arecaused, a fixed-term imprisonment of more than three years but no more thanseven years shall be given, with a fine:
A. Acquiring a trade secret from theright holder by theft, bribery, coercion, or any other illicit means;
B. Disclosing, using, or allowinganother person to use a trade secret acquired from the right holder by anymeans specified in the preceding subparagraph; and
C. Disclosing, using, or allowinganother person to use a trade secret under its control in violation of anagreement or the requirements of the right holder for confidentiality of tradesecrets
Whoeverknows or should have known the acts specified in the preceding paragraph butstill acquires, uses, or discloses any trade secrets of others shall be deemedto have infringed such trade secrets.
